Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 27

Economics - Essay Example This is a clear indicator that people are more concerned about health than money. The discovery by economists that money can’t buy happiness is a justification for high taxes and more government spending. According to Lee .D.R (2005), pursuit of money is addictive and reduces the time available for friends, family and other activities that result in genuine happiness. In conclusion, we can not just totally dispute the fact that money does not bring happiness. Money does bring happiness especially with an increase in the level of income (which is a sign of achievement) although the happiness brought by money is temporary. It is very important for people to look for money because it increases their purchasing power .Money also enables one to be able to do what he so wishes, for instance, investment. Money can be obtained by earning as an income, borrowing and from savings. All these three methods of acquiring money have an opportunity cost (defined as the value of foregone opportunity).For instance the opportunity cost of earning income is loss of time for other activities like recreation. Money held as savings has the foregone opportunity of loss of profit for income generating activities in which the money could have been invested. Finally, the foregone opportunity of borrowing is the high interest rates although such borrowed money can be invested in more income generating activities in future. Therefore everyone strives to get money by whatever means considering the opportunity cost. The means of acquiring money whose opportunity cost is low is the best method chosen. Marginal utility of money is the extra satisfaction derived from an extra unit of money spent. Marginal utility of money is never constant because an extra unit of money given to a poor person will add much to his satisfaction than if the same coin was given to a rich person. This means that poorer people

Should Children Be Allowed Essay Example for Free

Should Children Be Allowed Essay Should children be allowed to use mobile phones at school I believe that mobile phones should be allowed to be used at school at either before school, after school and during the luch breaks. Children should not use mobile phones in the classroom as that is the time and place to learn not to go on your phone. At luch time and recess children should be allowed to use their mobile phones because thay should be able to enjoy their break and eat their food happily and freely. I agree that mobile phones should not be used in the classroom, because if children were using their mobile phones in the classroom where they should be learning, their attention from their school work could drift off, therefore they would not know what to do in their studies leading to them failing their subjects and not succeeding at school. Also the teacher would get inturrupted by the phones noises causing her not to be able to concentrate on teaching the little amount of people who are not using their phones and trying to learn But I also think that children should be allowed to use their mobile phones during their luch breaks, before and after school as they are supposed to be resting and enjoying those times of the day as those are the only times they are allowed to rest during school hours, so they should spend that time efficiently by enjoying their time however they desire. I honesly do not see any reasons why children are not allowed to use their phones during these times unless they do not violate any other school rules whilst doing so. This being said I agree and disagree on the the statement â€Å"childlren should be allowed to use mobile phones at school. I agree by saying that they should be used during their lunch breaks, before and after school and I disagree by saying that they should not be used in the classroom, the place top learn.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Harper Lee Kill Mockingbir

Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird "To Kill a Mocking Bird" by Harper Lee was published in 1960 and was adapted into a play by Christopher Sergal and published in 1980. It tells the story of a court case when a black man gets accused of raping a white woman. The black man, Tom Robinson is defended by the a lawyer called Atticus Finch. Atticus is one of the few people in Maycome who have a bit of money an can read and write very well. The inevitable outcome of the case was that the Black man was sentenced to death. The play is set in 1935 during the Great Depression and in times of Poverty and Unemployment. Maycome is a rural farming community and the Great Depression has hit them hard. The law is very unfair to Blacks because they issue different sentences to White people then to Black people. For example in a court case that court would be made up of all white men. The community is divided as well because all Black services are separate from White services. E.G. Education, money, churches, funerals, graveyards, medical services. However poor a White person is, a Black person would always be lower than the poor white person in the social scale. In the Deep South a man was expected to do manly jobs like Hunting, Carpentry, Farrier and a Blacksmith. Atticus is seamed to different than the other men because he is a lawyer and reads books, unlike most of the other men who do the jobs described above. The Deep South came to be like this because of the slavery White people enforced on the Blacks. In 1619 the first black people were brought to America and then in 1661, Virginia legalised slavery, along with lots of other Deep South states. 35-40 million Blacks were brought to be slaves over 300 years, o... ... up, knowing what Atticus has proved and said damn you ta..." because and every one else knows that it was Bob who hit Mayella because he is left handed. To prove this even more Atticus reminds the court that Bob signed that piece of paper with his left and that Tom took his oath with his only good hand - his right. The next part of Atticus' summing up says about the views of the people in the Deep South, saying about people thinking that all Negroes are bad and all Negroes lie but they all don't and all races lie and are bad sometimes and not just the blacks. "To kill a mockingbird" is a prime example of what life was like during the Great Depression in the Deep South, full of discrimination and social scales determining what people were like and how they would act. I think the story is a very good because of how it describes life during that period.

Speech Community :: essays research papers

Speech Community Contribution There is an infinite amount of chat rooms available on the internet and each one can be defined as its own speech community. I have chosen to analyze a chat room that is devoted to the hit Fox reality show, American Idol. The transcript used was from a chat session that occurred at 10:00 PM on March 27, 2005. This online chat room seemed to be the source of a continuous flow of opinionated statements regarding the television show. Due to the anonymity of the internet, members of the many speech communities within are uneasily identified. Members tend to rely solely on â€Å"screen names† for identification purposes. With names such as TanBear251 and MegaBob12, most statistical information regarding the identity of participants is limited. The context and purpose of the chat room, however, allow for various limited conclusions to be drawn. For the American Idol chat room, it can be assumed that participants include people who watch the television show regularly. These people are likely to statistically fall into the show’s target audience in regards to age and income, among other factors. The target audience of American Idol consists of middle to upper-middle class viewers between the ages of 20 and 45 years of age. No physical location can truly be defined for this speech event. One participant may reside in Houston, Texas, while another may live in Puerto Rico. Due to the time of day, a casual setting can be assumed since it is likely that most participants are located within their own homes. Participation is fully voluntary and in most cases is for enjoyment purposes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this chat room in particular, knowledge truly is power. The status of a participant grows with their expertise on a subject of discussion. The chat room â€Å"regulars† seem to hold a higher status that those who are entering for the first time. This is seen with the amount of posted messages a person makes. Those who regularly participate in the chat room from day to day dominate the discussion while newcomers tend to sit back and watch. In order to gain inclusion in a discussion, one must prove themselves as knowledgeable about the subject at hand.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of the barriers that coexist with chat room communication include a limited ability to show emotion as well as a tedious typing requirement. To address these issues, many new abbreviated expressions have been introduced.

Quality Education As A Factor Of Organizational Growth Education Essay

Quality instruction is one of the major factors that contribute the fiscal impacts on the organisation. It besides has positive societal impacts on the organisational growing every bit good as the social improvement. It is normally supposed that formal schooling s one of some of import subscribers to the accomplishments of an person and to human capital. It is non the lone facet. Parents, single abilities and friends without uncertainty contribute. Schools however have a peculiar topographic point, non merely because instruction and ‘skill creative activity ‘ are among their chief explicit aims, but besides because they are the factor most non-stop affected by public policies. It is good established that the distribution of personal incomes in society is strongly related to the sum of instruction people have had. Normally talking more schooling means higher life-time incomes. These results come out over the long term. It is non people ‘s income while in school that is affected, nor their income in their first occupation, but their income over the class of their on the job life. Therefore, any seeable effects of the present quality of schooling on the distribution of accomplishments and income will go clear some old ages in the hereafter, when those now in school become a of import portion of the labour force. Quality Education has become an issue of importance as the landscape of instruction has been confronting uninterrupted alterations: increased international competition, increasing community and geographical diverseness of the pupil organic structure. Therefore the quality instruction is besides straight linked with the academic and fiscal growing of the organisation, here in this research scope the same standard of correlativity between the standard quality instruction and organisational growing will be tested.Chapter 1Problem & A ; Its BackgroundIntroductionA high-quality instruction provides kids and immature grownup ‘s contact to the chances that we all desire for our kids. Yet supplying a quality instruction for all young person is a alarming challenge. About every state in Asia has identified educating instruction quality as one of its highest national precedence. In malice of development in reacting to the demand for increased school entree, developing more efficient national planning and policy mechanisms, and implementing immense preparation plans for instructors and decision makers, letdown persists with the potency of instruction systems to back up national economic and societal aspirations. To some extent, plans and policies naming for higher-quality schooling now supplement or even change earlier thought to such precedences as instruction development and school entree. It would look that consent is organizing that instant attending of policymakers and involved international bureaus should be focused on planing and implementing policies, plans, and actions to acquire better instruction quality. Translating the turning consensus into executable policies is a chief challenge. In all facets of the school and its environing instruction society, the rights of the whole kid, and all kids, to survival, safety, growing and engagement are at the Centre. This means that the focal point is on larning which strengthens the capacities of kids to move bit by bit on their ain behalf through the gaining of relevant cognition, utile accomplishments and suited attitudes ; and which creates for kids, and helps them make for themselves and others, topographic points of security, safety and healthy interface. Good organisation of capable affair and planning of the class are critical to student larning.Well-structured presentations, lecture-outlines, headers, subheading, and syllabi improve pupils ‘ acquisition experiences. In fact, outlines displacement cognition construction. This produces non merely the prospective in pupils but besides provides a positive growing to the institute. As globalisation continues, the national and international competition for the best pupils is likely to hike among higher instruction establishments, therefore merely reenforcing force per unit area for Quality Teaching and quality confidence. It is likely that planetary rankings based on the quality of instruction will be set Forth, therefore reenforcing the personal appeal of quality enterprises. Furthermore, there are more and more pupils who study at different universities, profiting from chances like international scholarships. These pupils are likely to measure the quality of the instruction received at these diverse establishments. It is of import to mensurate the impact of the Quality Teaching enterprises in order to be able to acquire better these enterprises. However measuring the quality of one ‘s instruction remains tough. This complexness may in portion explain why the two most well-known international rankings rely to a great extent on research as a yardstick of the universities ‘ value and go forth aside learning quality. This may nevertheless transform in the hereafter, as the concern about learning quality and pupil acquisition are turning. The option of indexs to quantify learning quality is critical, because it has been shown that rating thrusts larning: How the instructor is judged will surely impact his or her teaching methods. Indexs to measure the instruction quality ( the value of alumnuss, satisfaction of instructors, keeping rates etc ) of an establishment proved of usage but carry a assortment of significances and can even take to misinterpretations. Research workers have the same sentiment that trusty indexs should be chosen, and non merely the most realistic 1s. Furthermore, infinite should ever be left for treatment of the figures obtained.1.2 Problem Statementâ€Å" Low quality instruction can do spoilage to the approaching coevals every bit good as can earnestly damage the hereafter of the educational establishment which is responsible to supply the educational material to the pupils, to how much extent quality instruction plays its function in this job is portion of this research. †Background InformationOrganizational BackgroundThe Lahore Grammar School was established in January 1979 at this campus. The nationalisation of educational establishments in 1972 had led to an dismaying diminution in the crite rions of direction and services being provided in most schools and colleges.A Intervention in the kingdom of instruction was hence, critical to collar this abysmal province of personal businesss. In 1978 the Government announced that it would welcome enterprises in the educational sector.A Talking benefit of this, a group of adult females from varied professional backgrounds, including instruction, and with the shared aim of lending in this field, decided to put up a misss ‘ school. A Today Lahore Grammar School provides instruction to both male childs and misss till A ‘ Level.A It has extended its web to equip to the demands of the in-between income group in its Landmark Schools.A The LGS College for adult females offers a grade programme in humanistic disciplines and scientific disciplines every bit good as unmarried mans in computers.A LGS has subdivisions in Islamabad, Karachi, Quetta, Peshawar, Multan, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Wah Cantt and.A It offers choice instruction to the small income group through the Lahore Education Society School, wholly supported and funded by LGS. A The doctrine of this establishment is a comprehensive and tolerant one and one that appreciates diverseness and stresses the significance of sentiments based on rational and informed premises instead that on superstitious notion, sentiment and deficient apprehension of issues.A Emphasis is laid on the apprehension of constructs and making a civilization of thought in the classroom.A Education is seen as a wide and complex procedure of geting cognition and apprehension. A The school has taken several enterprises in the field of instruction including the publicity of the acting humanistic disciplines that the Board of Lahore Grammar School felt were being neglected at great cost to our cultural traditions and a healthier societal surroundings. A In add-on, the General Studies plan was devised to A do pupils more cognizant of modern-day issues, both national and universe broad, and their function non merely in developing an apprehension of these issues but motivating a desire to interpret that cognition into active committedness and take stairss, where possible, to convey about positive alteration in their ain environment. LGS Lahore was the first English medium school to originate the instruction of Punjabi. This is done at the in-between degree for a lower limit of two old ages so that pupils develop an esteem of their cultural roots and a satisfaction in the rich traditions of literature and music of this state. A For those to whom it may non be a first linguistic communication an debut to a new one is non merely utile, but educative. A A critical component of their plan, other than a wide scope of academic subjects is music, dance, mime argument, play, poesy recitation, there is community service where pupils are confident to portion their accomplishments and learn from the backbones and resiliency of those less fortunate than themselves.A The pupil organic structure of LGS 55-Main Gulberg has been raising money through bake gross revenues in school to give scholarships to pupils at the Pakistan Society for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled ( PSRD ) for the past 11 years.A They have besides been traveling to help kids who are being prepared for the Matric at this institute.AProblem BackgroundIn current competitory environment of instruction in Pakistan it has become a really important for each and every educational institute or organisation to step and set up a proper quality system instruction in order to crush its challengers. How it can be done is the inquiry for which this research seeks reply.1.4 Research Q uestions & A ; Research Objective1.4.1 Research Questions:Q1: What is choice instruction? Q2: How does the quality instruction aid for organisational growing? Q3: What are different impacts of criterion and quality instruction on the overall educational system of the state every bit good as society?1.4.2Research ObjectiveTo happen out how different quality factors improve the instruction system with in the establishment every bit good as state. To happen out the relationship between quality instruction and organisational growth.. To happen out relationship between learning methodological analysiss and pupil ‘s productive end product every bit good as the market repute of the several organisation.1.5 HypothesisH0: Providing quality instruction can non be a factor of organisational growing. H1: Organizational growing may depend on the factor of quality and standard educational system.1.6 Scope and Limitations of Study1.5.1 Scope of the research:The range of the research will be limited to individual organisation that is Lahore Grammar School, as being the employee of the organisation it will be easy to measure the quality processs and criterions being adopted within the organisation. Although the organisation consist of many subdivisions in the state but research will be conducted with the 200 figure of employee working in the caput office. 120 respondents will be taken as sample out of this population.1.6.2 Restrictions:Following restriction may besides be observed during the research process and methodological analysis adopted in aggregation of informations from the resources within the organisation: Researcher will be unable to near all the subdivisions of LGS. Bing a female and societal restraint, it will be hard to near physically each and every respondent of the research. As the population under survey is narrowed to 200 employees merely, therefore the graduated table of the survey is restricted. Inadequate clip may be a restraint to finish the research within a specific clip interval and research worker in this province may go through over some utile information. Limited cognition of the people may besides be a barrier for the research worker. Data will be collected by the research worker herself by agencies of questionnaire. Research worker may be biased to some extent on giving the concluding recommendations. The research worker will non be wholly comparing the criterions or quality instruction with international criterions but chief focal point will be choice criterions adopted in Pakistan. Merely a few factors of quality instruction will be taken for hypothesis attestation.1.7 Significance of ResearchThe research on the topic of quality instruction and its impact on the growing of organisation is really critical issue. The quality of instruction and preparation is considered in to be a concern of the highest political precedence. High degrees of consciousness, competences and accomplishments are considered to be the really indispensable conditions for lively citizenship, employment and societal integrity. Lifelong acquisition is an cardinal agencies of determining one ‘s hereafter on a professional and personal rank, and high-quality instruction is of import in the visible radiation of labour market policies, and the free motion of workers within the state. This research will be really fruitful for the betterment of the quality instruction within the organisation every bit good as for the other establishments besides. The absence of any precise survey on quality instruction is manifested by a general deficiency of literature. It would be necessary to transport out such surveies in Pakistan with a position of understanding teacher instruction because it may non be suited to reassign findings from other surveies conducted elsewhere and generalise the findings on the Pakistan instructor instruction section. Surveies that address issues of quality instruction must be conducted in scenes where less or no surveies have been conducted at all. This could assist develop the arguments and the principal of validated research findings in the country of teacher instruction. App. roaches that are at present powerful in analyzing persons ‘ professional acquisition such as action theory, should be used in order to derive from what these theories suggest to choice instruction. Importantly, qualitative enquiry and activity theory focal point on specific scenes of a professional acquisition activity under this research.1.8 Conceptual Framework of ResearchFactors of Quality EducationAcademic end product ratio of Institution Student Coaching system and methodological analysisProductive quality instructionImpact on Organizational / Institutional Growth Academic part at the community degree. Professional attitude of the instructors and direction Management subject The above conceptual frame of research is based upon some:Independent variables of research:Quality EducationDependent variables of research:Growth of organisation Organizational ProductivityTrial of Hypothesis:Both hypothesis i.e. H0 & A ; H1 will be tested after utilizing some statistical analysis of correlativity.Chapter 2Literature ReviewThe types of impacts examined in the research on the effects of educational quality on the organisational growing by and large fall into three wide classs. First, at the single degree there is a batch of research on how educational quality affects an organisational net incomes and a just sum on how educational quality affects an person ‘s physical and mental wellness. While we were asked to look at how educational quality affects the organisation, persons are members of the community, their households are members of the community, and their friends are members of the community. So if educational quality of an organisation improves an person ‘s economic wellbeing or physical and mental wellness, so that improves the community in which that person lives every bit good as the repute of the organisa tion to whom the single pupil has been associated with, taking it to the higher rate of growing ( Stephen J. Carroll, Ethan Scherer,2008 ) . Second, a figure of surveies look at the consequence of educational quality on facets of the Organizational growing. The four sorts of impacts most studied are organisational values, organisational repute, grosss, and competitory border. For illustration, surveies examine the association between educational quality in a school territory and the value of organisation in the country served by that school territory. Other surveies examine the relationship between educational quality in a school territory and grosss generated by that school. As these are the sorts of effects most straight related to the petition posed to us, we put most of our clip and effort into happening and reexamining surveies that examined the impacts of educational quality at this phase. Harmonizing to Feldman, ( 1989 ) and Murray, ( 1991 ) two qualities are highly linked with student achievement: expressiveness and, even more extensively, organisation. Good organisation of capable affair and planning of the class are of import to student acquisition ( Kallisson 1986 ) . Well-structured presentations, lecture-outlines, headers, subheading, and syllabi encouragement pupils ‘ acquisition experiences ( Feldman 1989, Murray 1991 ) . Indeed, lineations transfer cognition construction. They can function as an progress coordinator supplying pupils with lumping schemes ( Perry and Magnusson 1989, therefore lending to more efficient acquisition.Degree of instruction as Quality Standard:In these surveies, quality, as measured, for illustration, by the high school drop-out rate or the fraction of pupils who go on to college after high school, refers to the degree of instruction attained by the pupils served by the schools. Some of the literature suggests that the degree o f educational accomplishment is itself a secondary consequence of academic success. That is, if schools do a better occupation of learning their pupils, so the pupils are more likely to finish high school, more likely to travel on to college, and so forth. So these two steps are non wholly independent ; they are interrelated. ( ( Stephen J. Carroll, Ethan Scherer,2008 ) . Surveies look at these steps at two degrees. Some surveies focus on the person. What difference does it do if a pupil ‘s trial mark is higher or if the pupil completes high school instead than dropping out? In either instance, we are involved in whether the quality of an person ‘s instruction affects the organisational growing. Others look at school or territory norms. Here we are interested in whether the mean quality of the instruction provided by the school or the territory makes a difference to the Organization and community every bit good. ( Stephen J. Carroll, Ethan Scherer,2008 ) There is highly powerful cogent evidence that the quality of a school or a school territory, as measured by mean trial tonss, is positively associated with Institutional growing. Research workers hypothesize that pupils are willing to pay more to analyze in a school that is served higher quality instruction, and the community is willing to pay the more to the pupils holding quality instruction as measured by the mean public presentation of the pupils go toing that school. ( Black, 1999 ; Downes and Zabel, 2002 ) . Many schools, such as Oyster School in Washington, D.C. ( Freeman, 1994, 1998 ) and La Escuela Fratney in Milwaukee, Wisconsin ( Ahlgren, 1993 ) were specially established to conflict the societal and educational favoritism of minorities. Oyster, for illustration, which was started in 1971 as a grass-roots community attempt, was said to fight for linear bilingualism and to promote all of its pupils to see each other as peers ( Freeman, 1994, 1998 ) . This school demonstrate d its committedness to this ideal by promoting the growing of minority pupils ‘ native linguistic communication and civilization, utilizing a multicultural set of classs, measuring pupils with multiple, and frequently â€Å" alternate, † methods, and anticipating a value for diverseness within the community. Fratney ( Ahlgren, 1993 ) besides used a multicultural, anti-bias course of study, and incorporated subjects â€Å" emphasizing societal duty and action † ( pp. 28-29 ) where gaining to value others ‘ civilizations and linguistic communications was explicitly taught. At the schoolroom degree, instructors can besides slot in multicultural positions and authenticate the pupils ‘ background cognition and experiences. For illustration, one survey ( Arce, 2000 ) described a first class schoolroom where the instructor implemented a pupil entered course of study and aimed to let the pupils, construct a sense of community, and utilize the pupils ‘ life experiences in the instruction procedure. Through important contemplation, the instructor developed a schoolroom feeling, every bit good as peculiar activities, that focused on doing intending through interactions and important thought. Takahashi-Breines ‘s ( 2002 ) description of a 3rd class schoolroom instructor in a successful plan in New Mexico explained the same subjects. She besides illustrated how this New Mexican instructor farther improved her pupils ‘ acquisition environment through the connexions she made to their past cognition, during an environment that makes unfastened mention to conveying the values and outlooks of their place and community into the schoolroom, and by making a sense of acquaintance and coherence between herself and her pupils. In another illustration of a student-centered schoolroom, Buxton ( 1999a, 1999b ) reported the findings from the â€Å" Science Theater/Teatro de Ciencias † undertaking in a second/third grade bipartisan category in a little Western town, where scientific discipline was taught in both English and Spanish on blinking yearss. This instructional method non merely provided chances for pupils to see, analyze, and speak about scientific discipline constructs, but besides allowed them to convey scientific discipline to their personal lives and to society as a whole. The activities were related to pupils ‘ experiences and anterior cognition, and besides to issues that had societal deductions. Alternate appraisal methods, such as the usage of portfolios, allowed pupils to show both contented and lingual cognition, every bit good as their multi-linguistic consciousness during the usage of both linguistic communications. This authorising theoretical account increased the capacity o f minority pupils to associate to science and to pass on themselves in the â€Å" linguistic communication of scientific discipline, † therefore increasing their academic and organisational success every bit good. Another concern of importance as respects to Quality Education is that there may be different types of acquisition and instruction. Marton and Saljo ( 1976 ) found that pupils larning attacks are of two kinds: the â€Å" deep attack † which focuses on understanding the class affair and the â€Å" surface attack † which focuses on memorising the stuff itself. Furthermore, pupils ‘ attacks to analyze are influenced by the pupils ‘ construct of acquisition ( Van Rossum & A ; Schenk, 1984 ) . Sheepard and Gilbert ‘s ( 1991 ) found that pupils ‘ point of view about the composing of cognition in a subject were influenced by their lectors ‘ theories of instruction and by the pupils ‘ perceptual experience of the acquisition atmosphere. Teachers ‘ instruction methods are associated to their construct of what the nucleus of instruction is. Kember & A ; Kwan ( 2000 ) stress that professors have one type of learning attack, content-centred or learning-centred. Because of this attack, they execute different types of learning schemes. Differences lay in coaching, focal point, appraisal, adjustment for pupil features, beginning of acquaintance and cognition. Teachers who adopt a content-centred attack see learning chiefly as the conductivity of cognition. Those who have the learning-centred attack are more likely to see instruction as â€Å" larning facilitation † . The OECD ( 2006 ) has developed four possible scenarios for the mentality of quality instruction. These scenarios were constructed by taking into history two cardinal variables, the extent of globalisation ( local-global ) and the sum of influence of province authorities ( administration-market ) . The scenarios reference for case the dividing up between learning and research universities or the sweetening of engineering that might hold an indirect but inclusive impact on learning. Globalization and other planetary alterations make reforms necessary for universities worldwide. In 2006 in Athens, the Education Ministers of the OECD zone have identified six countries in which establishments and authoritiess should prosecute in serious reforms – to do higher instruction non merely â€Å" bigger † but besides â€Å" better † ( Giannakou, OECD, 2006 ) . These reforms be rational responses to alter in the countries of Funding, More indifferent instruction, Research and invention, Migration and internationalisation. The two other reforms which were deemed necessary concern learning quality. Indeed, the first reform suggested was to develop a â€Å" cagey focal point on what pupils learn † in universities. The second was to advance reforms that would increase inducements to do establishments more accountable for quality and results ( OECD,2006. )Chapter 3Methods and ProceduresMethodology of StudyIn order to reply the research inquiries mentioned in chapter 1, research workers will lucubrate here the different picks of methodological analysis that have been adopted in this research paper. The purpose of thesis is instead explorative as the research worker tends to explicate the Impact of Quality Education on the growing of the institutions.. The research worker will be to some extent descriptive because it is indispensable to hold a clear image about the subject on which researcher want to roll up informations. The research aim will be evidently controlled. Besides it is explorative because it will be analyzing a relationship between the variables of the research that is choice instruction and growing rate of the organisation. A quantitative ( based on study ) analysis will be conducted by utilizing questionnaire method.Research SamplingSurvey Instrument usedQuestionnaire to be used in the research is attached herewith ( see app. endix ) . Likert graduated table will be adopted to roll up and measure the information on this instrument to measure the relationship between the variables.Sampling TechniqueConvenient trying method will be used in this respects because of limited attack and range of the research.3.2.3 Sample Size & A ; PopulationThe sample size out of the 200 population is 120 employees taken as respondents ( sample ) .Data CollectionAs mentioned above the informations will be collected by utilizing the study instrument ( questionnaire ) , and from the bing researches available in published signifier by the old research workers. This primary informations will be analysed to explicate the research worker point of position on the topic of the research.Research ToolsThe tools that will be used in the research for the information analysis is SPSS package to cipher, Mean, Standard divergence, correlativity.Chapter 4Data Analysis and RepresentationDatas AnalysisIn his chapter information related to informations an alysis with proper account of processed informations in the SPSS, incorporating informations tabular arraies and graphical representation.Chapter 5Decision, Findings & A ; RecommendationsIn this subdivision concluding decisions of the survey, research worker ‘s ain findings out of the research and shutting recommendations will be mentioned. Mentions Aasen, P. & A ; Stensaker, B. ( 2007 ) , â€Å" Balancing trust and technocracy? : leading preparation in higher instruction † ; International Journal of Educational Management ; Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. . 331-83 Altbach, P. ( 2006 ) , † The Dilemmas of Ranking † . , the Boston College Center for International Higher Education, International Higher Education, Vol. 42. Astin, A. & A ; Chang, M.J. ( 1995 ) , â€Å" Colleges that stress research and instruction † , Change, Vol.27, No.5, pp. . 44-49 Barnett, R. ( 2003 ) , Beyond all ground: Life with Ideology in the University, SRHE/OUP, Buckingham Barrie, S.C & A ; Prosser, M. ( 2002 ) , â€Å" Aligning research on pupil larning with institutional policies and patterns on rating and quality confidence † , Paper presented at the 11th ISL Conference, Brussels, 4-6 Barrie, S.C. , Ginns, P. and Prosser M. ( 2005 ) , â€Å" Early impact and results of institutionally aligned, pupil focused larning position on learning quality confidence † , Assessment & A ; Evaluation in Higher Education, Vol.30, No.6, pp. . 641-656 Bass, R. ( 1998 ) , â€Å" The Scholarship of Teaching: What ‘s the Problem? † Inventio, Vol. 1, No.1 1998-1999 Bauer, M. & A ; Henkel, M ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Responses of Academe to Quality Reforms in Higher instruction: A Comparative Study of England and Sweden † , Tertiary Education and Management, Vol.3, No.3, pp. .211-228 Beatty, R.W. & A ; Ulrich, D.O. ( 1991 ) , â€Å" Re-energizing the Mature Organization † , Organizational Dynamics, Vol.20, pp. .16-30 Benowski, K. ( 1991 ) , â€Å" Restoring the pillars of higher instruction † , Quality Progress, October, pp. .37-42 Bergquist, W. ( 1992 ) , The Four civilizations of the Academy, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA Biggs, J. ( 2001 ) , â€Å" The brooding establishment: assuring and heightening the quality of instruction and acquisition † , Higher Education, Vol.41, No.3, pp. .221-238 Bingham, R & A ; Ottewill, R. ( 2001 ) , â€Å" Whatever happ. ened to peer reappraisal? Revitalizing the part of coachs to class rating † , Quality Assurance in Education, Vol.9, No.1, pp. .22-39 Feldman, K.A. ( 1976 ) , â€Å" Grades and college pupils ‘ ratings of their classs and instructors † , Research in Higher Education, Vol.4 Feldman, K.A. ( 1976b ) , â€Å" The superior college instructor from the pupils ‘ position † , Research in Higher Education, Vol.5, pp. .243-288 Feldman, K.A. ( 1989 ) , â€Å" The association between pupil evaluations of specific instructional dimensions and pupil accomplishment: Refining and widening the Synthesis of informations from multisection cogency surveies † , Research in Higher Education, Vol.30, pp. .583- 645 Frackmann, E. ( 1992 ) â€Å" The German experience † In Craft, A. ( erectile dysfunction ) , Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Proceedings of an International Conference, Hong Kong, 1991. London: The Falmer Press Giannakou, M. ( 2006 ) , Minister of National Education and Religious Affairs, Greece ; â€Å" Drumhead by the chair † , Meeting of OECD Education curates, 27-28 June 2006, Athens Gibbs, G. ( 1995 ) , â€Å" The Relationship between Quality in Hanushek E. , Kain J. , Rivkin, S. ( 1999 ) , â€Å" Do higher wages buy better instructors? â€Å" , NBER Hirsch, E. ( 2001 ) , â€Å" Teacher Recruitment ; Staffing Classrooms with Quality Teachers † , State Higher Education Executive Officers Kember, D. & A ; Kwan, KP. ( 2000 ) , â€Å" Lecturers ‘ App. roaches to Teaching and their Relationship to Conceptions of Good Teaching † , Instructional Science, Vol.28, pp. .469-490 Marginson, S. & A ; Van der Wende, M. ( 2007 ) , Globalisation and Higher Education, OECD, Education Working Paper No 8. Marton F. and Saljo R. ( 1976 ) , â€Å" On qualitative differences in acquisition, result and procedure † , British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 46, pp. .4-11 Schonwetter D.J, Clifton R.A. and Perry, R.P. ( 2002 ) , â€Å" Contented acquaintance: Differential Impact of Effective Teaching on Student Achievement Outcomes † , Research in Higher Education, Vol.43, No.6 Scott, P. ( 1998 ) , Massification, Internationalisation and Globalisation, in Scott, P. ( Ed ) , The Globalisation of Higher Education, SHRE / Open University Press, Buckingham Shepp. ard, C. & A ; Gilbert, J. ( 1991 ) , â€Å" Course design, learning method and pupil epistemology † , Higher Education, Vol.22, pp. .229-249 Stephenson, F. ( 2001 ) , Extraordinary instructors: The Essence of Excellent Teaching, Andrews McMeel Publishing, Kansas City Van der Wende, M.C. ( 2007 ) , â€Å" Internationalization of Higher Education in the OECD states: Challenges and Opp. ortunities for the Coming Decade † , Journal of Studies in International Education, Vol.11, No.34 Winter Argyris, C. & A ; Schon, D. ( 1974 ) , Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness, Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA

Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State

Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State Introduction There are many ways to evaluate the changes within a specific ecosystem in a particular landscape. Among the most efficient methods, a comparison between the historical and the present-day landscape can be used (Hessburg, Agee Franklin, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the help of the latter, it is possible to find out whether the impact on a particular landscape has been positive or negative and what further steps are to be undertaken. The analysis of the current and the historical landscape in the East Cascades of the Washington State will possibly help determine the pattern of the landscape development, as well as set the strategy for the further course of actions concerning the management of the given landscape. Methods To explore the pattern of change within the landscape ecology of the East Cascades of the Washington States, the data assembled by Dr. Paul Hessburg’s research group was used. In the course of research, the Fragstas 3.3 program was used to analyze the landscape. The ArcMap technology was utilized to view the data. Finally, to conduct the evaluation of the landscape change, the qualitative analysis was used, well as some elements of quantitative analysis. Results Considering the data that was sorted according to the principle â€Å"‘met06’=Methow subwatershed 06. Last names G-J,† the amount of herbland has changed sufficiently over the course of the East Cascades history, spreading south and southeast. The forest area, however, remained the same, with few exceptions in the northeastern part of the land. Quite similarly, the nonforest area did not change much, apart from the small patches that disappeared from the southeastern parts of the landscape.Advertising Looking for research paper o n ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Speaking of the changes in the vegetation system of the forest, or, as Hessburg, Salter, Richmond and Smith defined it, â€Å"a theoretical endpoint of succession in the absence of disturbance† (Hessburg, Salter, Richmond Smith, 2000, p. 166), one must mention that the deforestation process has took its toll, since more parts of the area have been marked as â€Å"non-forest† ones. In addition, the area covered by old forest multi-storey has also decreased, giving more room to the young forest multi-storey parts of the forest. Likewise, old forest single storey has moved northeast, giving its way to the young forest multi-storey elements. In addition, the area covered by stem exclusion open canopy has grown smaller over the past few decades, with only several elements scattered sideways across the area. The amount of trees that are currently in the stand initiation sta ge has also changed; while in the past, only two small areas of SI trees could be found, at present, the central and the southern part of the forest are in the phase of stand initiation. The amount of trees that are currently in the stage of understory re-initiation has, on the contrary, remained the same. It is also important to mention that the intensity of firelines in certain parts of the East Cascades has changed over the past few decades. According to the data obtained with the help of the Fragstats 3.3, the amount of instances of fireline has gone down in the western area from 2 (in central parts of the west area) to 1. The changes in the northern part of the area are also rather gratifying, with the instances of firelines going from 3 to 1 in most parts of the area. Finally, it is noteworthy that the southwestern spot in the East Cascades area, which was notorious for 6 firelines per year, has had only 3 to 5 firelines.Advertising We will write a custom research pape r sample on Comparing Historical and Present Landscapes in the East Cascades of the Washington State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The instances of 7 firelines per year, however, have been noticed in the north and southwest, though previously,.west and north-west were known for suffering 7 firelines running. Generally speaking, one must admit that the number of firelines has declined. Discussion When assessing the changes that have taken place in the mean patch area of the landscape in the given time slot, one must admit that there have been radical changes in the development of the landscape of the East Cascades area over the past few years. According to the obtained data, nowadays, the largest mean patch area in the East Cascades landscape consists of young forest multi-storey patches; the recent data shows that the latter take almost 278 (277,7067) sq. km. In the past, however, the mean patch area in the East Cascades consisted mostly of non-forest landscape (206,5067 sq. km). Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates of deforestation have dropped considerably and that the forest ecosystem is getting stronger. The given idea can be supported by the fact that the amount of young trees has increased compared to the previous records, while the amount of old trees has narrowed down. Therefore, such factors as the restoration of the balance between the old and the young trees plays a great role in shaping the mean patch area scale. It is also important to outline the difference between the mean and the median patch area. According to the existing definition, a median patch area allows to evaluate the â€Å"sample median value† (USDA, 1999, p. 66). Therefore, it can be concluded that, in contrast to the mean patch area, median patch area offers a midpoint of all patch areas in question. As a counterpoint to the mean patch area, it allows to see how even a specific element is distributed across the land.Adver tising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the East Cascades, the Shannon diversity index has increased, with the split in the increase of various landscape elements ranging from 248,16 (non-forest) to –597,92 (young forest multi-storey). Speaking of the shape complexity, however, one has to mention that the rates of the given parameter have also declined, which can be explained by the massive fire that was witnessed in the northern and northwestern parts of the area. The fires must have also influenced the rates of contagion in the area; according to the recently obtained data, the contagion rates have also risen, allowing for a more rapid fragmentation of the landscape. It is crucial to stress that the structures that can be classified as young forest multi-storey have increased in size and variety. The given data stands in a sharp contrast to the information concerning the old forest. As it has been previously mentioned, the amount of old forest elements has dropped. The given change can be the result of the fir es that gripped the area in the past few years. At first, the given change might seem deadly to the forest, since so many elements have been taken out of the picture. On a second thought, one must admit that the fires allowed to make way for the young forest multi-storey, thus, renewing the forest ecosystem. However, judging by the high rates of the areas that are very vulnerable to fires, one must admit that the given area should be managed to protect it from intense exposure to fires. Literature Cited Hessburg, P. F. Salter, R. B., Richmond, M. B. and B. G. Smith. 2000. Ecological subregions of the Interior Columbia Basin, USA. Applied Vegetation Science 3, 163–180. Hessburg, P. F., Agee, G. K. and J. F. Franklin. 2005. Dry forests and wildland fires of the inland Northwest USA: Contrasting the landscape ecology of the pre-settlement and modern eras. Forest Ecology and Management 211, 117–139. USDA. 1999. Historical and current forest and range landscapes in the inte rior Columbia River Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. USDA, Washington, D.C.

Verbal cues to construct space in the plays Everyman and Oed essays

Verbal cues to construct space in the plays Everyman and Oed essays The medium of expression, also known as the marriage of language and action is theaters most impressive mechanism. It is through this medium that theater is capable of creating a world both on stage and in the imagination. Verbal cues are a significant component in constructing this space. Everyman and Oedipus Tyrannos are no exceptions to this phenomenon as they exhibit minimalist settings and highly intangible personas, therefore, are highly dependent on verbal cues. In the following essay these plays will be used to demonstrate, how verbal cues such as metonymy, chorus, character names and descriptive conversations, are essential in constructing space. Everyman and Oedipus Tyrannos use very contrasting as well as similar means of verbal cues. One type of verbal cue used in Oedipus Tyrannos is metonymy. In the play Oedipus Tyrannos, the audience is transported into the space of Thebes, through dialogue. In the following example we see how space is created by both Oedipus and the priest indirectly. Oedipus My Children, ancient Cadmus newest care... ( Line 1 pg 70 Broadview) Priest You came to Cadmus city and unbound... (Line 35 pg 71 Broadview) By mentioning Cadmus the king, the audience is aware that they are in Thebes the palaces location. This form of indirect address, known as metonymy, is not the only technique used in the play to establish space. Another verbal cue used to establish space within Oedipus Tyrannos is in the form of the Chorus. The Chorus in a direct manner, is there to inform audiences of what happens "off stage." (I.e., no murders or suicides were shown; instead, a messenger would inform the characters of the news) The Chorus is also vital in constructing space, by informing the audience where the conversation is being held, or where the actors are coming from. True to tradition, all ancient Greek theaters were open-air auditorium and, due to the lack ...

The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essays

The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essays The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essay The American Civilian and the Right to Bear Arms Essay para. 3). Most states, allow individuals the right to carry firearms. An individual may carry the firearm in what is called open carry or concealed carry. Open carry requires the individuals carrying the firearm to have it visible to those around him or her. Concealed carry requires the firearm to remain concealed on a person. Most states allow concealed carrying as long as the individual has completed the required courses. By completing these courses, an individual is given concealed carry permit. Regulations and standards hange from state to state for acquiring this permit. Is it Constitutional for a state to require a permit, carry a concealed firearm? In an article written by R. A. Levy in 2009, he states â€Å"Washington retains the ability to regulate the manner of carrying handguns, prohibit the carrying of handguns in specific, narrowly defined sensitive places, prohibit the carrying of arms that are not within the scope of Second Amendment protection, and disqualify specific, particularly dangerous individuals from carrying handguns. † (Levy, 2009, p. 1, para. ) At the present time, to carry a concealed firearm, an individual is required to have a permit. In the state of Utah, there has been a movement to eliminate the permit requirement. Utah is attempting to remove this requirement, following in the footsteps of Alaska, who has already removed this requirement. Republican Stephen Sandstrom, R-Orem, Utah, is leading this movement to remove the concealed carry permit requirement and states, â€Å"He is meeting with gun-rights advocates and plans a bill for consideration in the next legislative session. â€Å"He claim s wide support among House colleagues, and Rep. Curtis Oda, R-Clearfield, is one of the likely co-sponsors† (B. Loomis, 2010). Conclusion The path to a safer society is a well-educated public with the ability to arm and protect themselves. Like it or not, this is one of the rights we as American citizens have and hold dear. Similar to the right of free speech, the right to bear arms should be embraced and protected. The government may regulate this right, by requiring permits and education, but cannot take the right from the average American citizen. The right to bear arms; however, may be stripped as a result of past behavior, current citizenship status, criminal record, and a number of other reasons. References Government Printing Office. (November 1, 1996 ). The Constitution of the United States of America. Retrieved from gpoaccess. gov/constitution/html/amdt2. html Levy, R. A. (2009). Gun Owners Next Victory in D. C.. CATO Institute. Retrieved from cato. org/pub_display. php? pub_id=10504amp;utm_source=feedburneramp;utm_medium=feedamp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+CatoRecentOpeds+(Cato+Recent+Op-eds) Loomis, B. (2010). Concealed guns for (almost) everyone. Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved from sltrib. com/sltrib/home/49849261-76/permit-gun-utah-concealed. html. csp Lott, John R. Jr. (1999), American Experiment Quarterly: More Guns, Less Crime americanexperiment. org/uploaded/files/aeqv2n2lott. pdf Mount, S. (2010). Constitutional Topic: The Second Amendment. Retrieved from usconstitution. net/consttop_2nd. html Utah State Legislature. (2003). Utah Code. Retrieved from http://le. utah. gov/~code/TITLE76/htm/76_10_050300. htm

Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing - Research Paper Example For example, the abstract concludes by the statement that qualitative and quantitative differences in the sialylation of superficial glycolipids in CF epithelial cells may contribute to the colonization of CF lung by P.aeruginosa. This creates suspense on the reader and a desire to read more of the article. Introduction: The introduction provides sufficient information concerning the study since it identifies the significance of the study. This is portrayed in last paragraph where Saiman and Prince (1993) identify the purpose of the research as to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P. aeruginosa and it plays a role in increasing the surface of CF respiratory epithelial cells (p. 1875). The introduction outlines the contents of the study, and it identifies various terms used in the study. Terms such as cystic fibrosis trans membrane and pulmonary failure are identified. The major weakness of the introduction is that it doesn’t identify the methods of conducting the study and the problem statement. The purpose of the study is clearly identified in the introduction that is to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P. aeruginosa and it plays a role in the surface increase of CF respiratory epithelial cells. The authors have used the population and the variable of the title in the introduction and the body of the article. For instance, P. aeruginosa has been identified as the basis of the articles research in the introduction (Saiman and Prince, 1993, p.1876), and they give the properties of the medical condition. The authors have succeeded in highlighting how P. aeruginosa affects C.F epithelial cells by increasing their surface. Basing on this, the authors have succeeded in integrating the population and its variable in the text.... The article does not have a section labeled literature review, however, in the introduction part of the paper, the authors have used the term various â€Å"studies† to denote that they have used other sources in coming with the results of the study. A major weakness in this is that they do not mention the studies they are quoting in the introductory part; therefore it is difficult to know the source of their literature review. This article contains clearly labeled theoretical framework section and the framework seems appropriate since no framework from nursing libraries could be located to guide the production of this particular kind of study. From the study, there are three assumptions made by the two authors. The authors have not provided challenges and limitations they encountered while conducting this study. This study has a broad implication for many areas of nursing such as nursing education, administration and practice. In administration, the nursing fraternity should support the conduction of research in areas highlighted by the text, and nurses should be trained on how to deal with the mentioned medical condition. this is a well-structured article, with proper identification of the scope of the conducted research. The authors have partly achieved the objective of their study, which is to prove that asioloGM1 is a receptor of P.aeruginosa. The researchers have also properly used APA citation techniques, and all in text citations are in the references section and due to these facts, I will strongly recommend a colleague to read it.

Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Organizational Change - Essay Example Negative publicity refers to publicity with which leads to negative outcomes for an organization. Handling negative publicity may not be easy but eventually the organization will find a way of tackling the problem. According to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium, several standards have been set to ensure efficient handling of negative publicity. These standards include:Negative publicity refers to publicity with which leads to negative outcomes for an organization. Handling negative publicity may not be easy but eventually the organization will find a way of tackling the problem. According to the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium, several standards have been set to ensure efficient handling of negative publicity. These standards include:†¢ Cultivating a caring and inclusive school community†¢ The involvement of parents and outside community  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Coordinate school resources for effective learning†¢ Manage and develop staff members' pro fessional skills†¢ Building a shared vision of the school communityAccording to the incident of the school bus driver who was caught on camera choking a child, which is a negative publicity, the school management should have managed the situation before it went out of hand causing the loss of job to the bus driver. Considering that the child required a monitor, and it was hard for the bus driver to manage both her task and that of calming the child. Unless the change is attempted, one may not know its importance. According to Richard and Judy, allowing, acceptance and involvement in change may result in a much-desired results needed for effective leadership and administration. This includes: ensuring a well-detailed reason for the change, impacting the importance of the change to the people so that they own the change and ensuring that the change has a clear vision and has received adequate support for its implementation.

Market for Digital Cameras in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Market for Digital Cameras in Europe - Essay Example Then competition is reduced and a return to tacit agreement is likely. Petrol provides occasional examples of price wars. Interdependent behavior is an important feature of oligopoly, because the small number of competing firms watch each other closely, devising strategies which take into account the likely reaction of the others. Digital camera market has been growing phenomenally since last 10 years. According to a news report published in ZDNet UK, the sales of digital camera had doubled in the year 2003 on a global scale. A Japanese industry group claimed that Europe was ahead of Japan and the United States of America (USA) in terms of revenues and sales both. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) The Camera and Imaging Products association (CIPA) had revealed that 13.4 million units were shipped globally in the year 2003, with a year-on-year 93% growth. Out of these 13.4 million units, Europe received the most, that is 4.57 million units. This was 20% more than the shipments received by the USA and amounted to 3.82 million units. Japan snapped 3.08 million units. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) Research also reveals that for the first time, sales of digital cameras had exceeded those of film cameras in the year 2002. 23.6 million film-based cameras were sold in 2002 while sales of digital cameras amounted to 24.5 million. ... Some oligopolies have a number of large competitors, as with Coca Cola and other major soft drink suppliers, together with a large number of comparatively small suppliers which are price takers. Global digital camera market Digital camera market has been growing phenomenally since last 10 years. According to a news report published in ZDNet UK, the sales of digital camera had doubled in the year 2003 on a global scale. A Japanese industry group claimed that Europe was ahead of Japan and the United States of America (USA) in terms of revenues and sales both. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) The Camera and Imaging Products association (CIPA) had revealed that 13.4 million units were shipped globally in the year 2003, with a year-on-year 93% growth. Out of these 13.4 million units, Europe received the most, that is 4.57 million units. This was 20% more than the shipments received by the USA and amounted to 3.82 million units. Japan snapped 3.08 million units. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) Research also reveals that for the first time, sales of digital cameras had exceeded those of film cameras in the year 2002. 23.6 million film-based cameras were sold in 2002 while sales of digital cameras amounted to 24.5 million. Initially this gap was only marginal, but with the passing years, the gap has only been widening. With 80% to 90% penetration, the digital camera market has now reached the saturation point in Europe, US, and Japan. This is to mean that 9 out of every 10 consumers own a digital camera. (Munir Kotadia, 2003 and Coco Masters, 2009) The boom in phone and digital camera markets has given Europe the lead over US in these two technological grounds. Miss Carolina Milanesi, a Gartner analyst, had commented back then that consumers in US were still in the process of getting familiar

Intrinsic Value of Boeing Company Research Paper

Intrinsic Value of Boeing Company - Research Paper Example It is the chief leader in innovation and aerospace products and services. The demands of the customers made the company continue to expand its products and services such as development, design, support, sales and manufacture of commercial jetliners, satellites, military aircraft, missile defense, launch systems and services and human space flight (Intrinsic Value of Boeing Company, 2010). The company expanded to include in their services the creation of new and more proficient commercial airplanes. They included to integrate military platforms and defense systems and create advanced technology resolutions (Boeing in Brief, 2011). The company operates in Chicago with more than 165,000 employees across the United States and other countries (Boeing in Brief, 2011). Most of their employees are college degree holders, with those advanced degrees in technical and business fields thus making the company one of the most diverse in terms of talent and capabilities word wide. Boeing has been categorized into two business units namely, Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Boeing Defense, Space and Security (Boeing in Brief, 2011). Boeing Capital Corporation provides for the financial solutions of the two business units (Boeing in Brief, 2011). ... The direct competitors of Boeing are the following companies: European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation and Northrop Grumman Corporation. Lockheed Martin Corporation or LMT has a market capital of 24.40B, while Northrop Grumman Corporation has 15.28B (Direct Competitor Comparison, n.d.). Boeing and ABC Activity-Based Costing or ABC is a â€Å"method of attributing costs to products based on first assigning costs of resources to activities and then costs of activities to products† (Activity-Based Costing and Quality Management, n.d., p. 453). This method is one of the foremost developments in product costing. As stated in Chapter 8 of Activity-Based Costing and Quality Management, this method is considered as more accurate but requires more time and expense. A research study was conducted to Boeing Commercial Airplane Group (BCAG) in Wichita Division in 1999 to 2000. Paduano, Harris, and Gershenfeld (2000) believed that the Activity-Based Costin g method is worth the study due to its great interest on Boeing’s lean practices involving cost of production and services. With this study, the researchers wanted to find out the effects of using the ABC method and its benefit to the company bearing in mind that ABC management will lead to a more accurate allocation of company’s charges and improvement on costs. According to Paduano, Harris, and Gershenfeld (2000), motivation for the application of ABC rooted from the fact that the method recognizes the true costs which will help the leaders or managers in decision making such as in manufacturing. This method also helps the managers truly understand that in making their critical choices, they

Activity Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activity Report - Essay Example From the cooperation, portrayed by all members of the team, all plans indicated in the work plan were achieved as planned. During the first month of the project, the group held a meeting, whose agenda was to outline all the requirements required for successful of the project. All members of the group attended the meeting held at the conference centre and the online meeting. Upon successful completion of the meetings, e-mails containing minutes and roles of each member in the project, were sent to all members to avoid future miscommunications. With the assistance of Sheehan book on ‘Technical communication’, my group has opted for the use of computer skills to make the team’s work easier. Computers have aided in fast and effective communication between members of the group as well as conducting comprehensive research on the requirements of the project. Majority of the members of the group are optimistic that with the use of computers, they will be in an easier position to research on their work, edit and present in a more fashionable manner. Thanks to Sheehan (pp.45) on his work, my group has portrayed the best skills and virtues of team work. We were able to prepare documents as well as print them, thus having an easier time while making the team’s presentations to the

Intrinsic Value of Boeing Company Research Paper

Intrinsic Value of Boeing Company - Research Paper Example It is the chief leader in innovation and aerospace products and services. The demands of the customers made the company continue to expand its products and services such as development, design, support, sales and manufacture of commercial jetliners, satellites, military aircraft, missile defense, launch systems and services and human space flight (Intrinsic Value of Boeing Company, 2010). The company expanded to include in their services the creation of new and more proficient commercial airplanes. They included to integrate military platforms and defense systems and create advanced technology resolutions (Boeing in Brief, 2011). The company operates in Chicago with more than 165,000 employees across the United States and other countries (Boeing in Brief, 2011). Most of their employees are college degree holders, with those advanced degrees in technical and business fields thus making the company one of the most diverse in terms of talent and capabilities word wide. Boeing has been categorized into two business units namely, Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Boeing Defense, Space and Security (Boeing in Brief, 2011). Boeing Capital Corporation provides for the financial solutions of the two business units (Boeing in Brief, 2011). ... The direct competitors of Boeing are the following companies: European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, Lockheed Martin Corporation and Northrop Grumman Corporation. Lockheed Martin Corporation or LMT has a market capital of 24.40B, while Northrop Grumman Corporation has 15.28B (Direct Competitor Comparison, n.d.). Boeing and ABC Activity-Based Costing or ABC is a â€Å"method of attributing costs to products based on first assigning costs of resources to activities and then costs of activities to products† (Activity-Based Costing and Quality Management, n.d., p. 453). This method is one of the foremost developments in product costing. As stated in Chapter 8 of Activity-Based Costing and Quality Management, this method is considered as more accurate but requires more time and expense. A research study was conducted to Boeing Commercial Airplane Group (BCAG) in Wichita Division in 1999 to 2000. Paduano, Harris, and Gershenfeld (2000) believed that the Activity-Based Costin g method is worth the study due to its great interest on Boeing’s lean practices involving cost of production and services. With this study, the researchers wanted to find out the effects of using the ABC method and its benefit to the company bearing in mind that ABC management will lead to a more accurate allocation of company’s charges and improvement on costs. According to Paduano, Harris, and Gershenfeld (2000), motivation for the application of ABC rooted from the fact that the method recognizes the true costs which will help the leaders or managers in decision making such as in manufacturing. This method also helps the managers truly understand that in making their critical choices, they

Why teenagers should have a curfew Research Paper

Why teenagers should have a curfew - Research Paper Example They get ample of time in the nights to enjoy and do the new things. This inclination involved many youths in midnight criminal activities. Different cities of America and other countries enforced youth curfew to curtail crime ratio and enhance youth safety. Omaha enforced first teen curfew in 1880. There are mainly two types of curfews enforced in different countries with different limitations and these are, city enforced curfew and parental curfew. Curfew did a great job in reducing crime rate, increasing youth safety and making parents more responsible in caring teenagers, importance and outcome of all these achievements be discussed below. By 2010, 500 US cities imposed curfew on under 18 teenagers prohibiting their move out in streets. Even teenagers were prohibited to move in streets or anywhere away from home on weekends. Curfews in American cities are saving teenagers from becoming unintended victim of criminals and other adult violence. Reduction in midnight juvenile crime r ate and youth victimization is the main aim of teenage curfew. New Orleans, Texas and Detroit city enforced teenage curfew and after three years observed decline of 84% in all midnight criminal activities. †status offences† laws were implemented in California resulted in reduction of 32% of midnight burglary crimes from 1978 to 1997 (Males & Macallair 1999). Most of the cities imposed penalty of 500 US dollars on juvenile appearance at public places after 11 pm. This reduced the theft, sexual abuse and shooting cases in the cities. â€Å"Comprehensive community based curfew programs† were introduced by office of juvenile justice in 1996 in America. The annual report showed great decline in youth victimization in the cities (Males & Macallair 1999). Los angles carried out comprehensive analysis from July 97 to 98. In first six months of curfew enforcement, 4810 people were arrested in 97 and produced no effect on youth crime and victimization. However, during the n ext six months, the curfew arrests cut back sharply due to decline in youth crime (Males & Macallair 1999). Teenagers are considered new comers in the outdoor life. Teenage is the stage when youths are more curious about the future and want to forget the past time. Despite knowing all the emotions, yet parents want to minimize teen exposure to outer world in order to save them from lot many problems. Teens in their early youth stage are prone to ills like Intoxication, murder, drinking, smoking, sexual abuse and criminal activities (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 152). Despite ensuring safety, curfew helps teen in understanding family life and customs. They spare more time for the activities like, religious duties, school or college work, sports and any other thing considered necessary by parents for saving the teenager from abuses of outer world. Teens also sometimes understand the importance of curfew for their safety. It is sometimes very difficult for a yo uth to get out in the streets at midnight especially the young girls cannot afford this practise too long. There have been recorded incidents of sexual attempts on the teen girls roaming around in the silent streets of California (Ruefle & Brantley 189). Therefore, at some stage of their life, they thank their parents for saving them from violence and youth offences. Teens at the age of 16 or 17 normally do not understand what parents say and with which purpose. Teens normally think that parents are taking away their freedom by restricting their life. It is very important aspect of curfew that teens are not treated as adults in American cities (Ruefle & Brantley 192). Curfew makes youths more responsible to handle life affairs when they reach adult stage. Curfew help youths to be accustomed with disciplined

Psychology Phobias Coursework Essay Example for Free

Psychology Phobias Coursework Essay The area studied for this study is phobias, by adapting the work of Bennett Levy and Marteau.  The alternative hypothesis was whether the participant disliked a particular thing about the animal; in particular it being likely to bite, being ugly, or having a strange texture, they will also give a high fear rating.  A survey was completed by 30 participants aged over sixteen years old, using an opportunity sample, to find their opinions about how likely the variables are likely to occur. The principle finding was all the variable results gave a positive significant correlation.  The main implications of the findings were it supported the research by Bennett Levy and Marteau that there is a strong correlation between an appearance of an animal and fear.  Introduction:  The definition of a phobia is a persistent, abnormal, and irrational fear of a specific thing or situation that compels one to avoid it, despite the conscious awareness that it is not dangerous. Explanations to how a phobia develops differ between schools of psychology. The behaviourist theory argues that phobias are learnt by classical conditioning and reinforced by operant conditioning. An experiment on phobias supporting the behaviourist theory was executed by Watson and Rayner in 1920. The aim of the experiment was to show how classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into Little Albert, an 11 month old boy. The psychodynamic theory sees phobias resulting from the displacement of repressed impulses to an object or situation which becomes a focus for a phobia. Sigmund Freud speaks of an Oedipus complex which is where children of both sexes regard their father as an adversary and competitor for the exclusive love of their mother. This is related to phobias in the study of Little Hans. Little Hans phobia of horses is due to the fact that he took pleasure in his father getting hurt by a horse, as it meant Little Hans could have his mother all to himself. The cognitive theory states that people with phobias tend to focus on negative aspects of situations. The way people typically think, such as catastrophising, affects the likelihood of a fearful response. Tomarken et al (1989) supported this theory by finding the participants with phobias greatly overestimated the number of times fear related slides were followed by a shock. The biological theory states phobias tend to run in families which suggest a genetic component. Phobias related to survival, such as snakes, spiders, and heights, are much more common and much easier to induce in the laboratory than other kinds of fears. Seligman proposed the Preparedness theory that states humans are genetically disposed to respond rapidly to hazards in order to survive dangerous environments, therefore a result of evolutionary history. Consequently, the innate predisposition to fear these objects became an adaptive human trait. Ohman et al also said that many common phobias, such as heights and snakes, are based on things which may have threatened human survival in the past. While researching the biological theory, a decision was made to focus on this theory due to it having many areas that one could explore. These included the study Bennett-Levy Marteau and Sharma.  Bennett-Levy and Marteau (1984) showed there is a strong correlation between fear of small harmless animals and an animals appearance. Specifically it is seen that the amount of fear expressed is related to the extent of the difference from the human form. They did this by conducting surveys, and correlating two variables. A number of surveys correlating fears and phobias have also been done by Agras, Sylvester Oliveau, 1969; Costello, 1982; Kirkpatrick, 1984.  Sharma wrote a paper suggesting disgust and fear are closely related. Sharma observed many patients postpone or avoid a simple blood test, and was unsure whether this was due to the test being painful or whether it just felt icky. Sharma wrote that fear and disgust are both one of the five basic universal emotions, found in all cultures and societies as it is essential for survival, fear tells us to run and disgust tells us to avoid contact. However, Sharma says that some people with the phobias of spiders or insects have greater disgust sensitivity. Disgust sensitivity is a term used to describe a person who finds things disgusting easier and quicker than the majority of other people.  From the research by Bennett-Levy and Marteau, a questionnaire was made in order to be able to see the correlation between fear/deadliness and how disgusting the animal is.

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing Critically analyse the effectiveness of primary and secondary research applied to product development (looking at qualitative and quantitative research). Market research can be understood in terms of how the activity is carried out, designing questionnaires, planning respondent samples, methods of data collection and analysis etc, in other words the techniques of the discipline. The purpose of market research is to assist and improve marketing decisions; selecting the optimum alternative or even setting the decision-making agenda, i.e. what are the real marketing issues facing us? In any field, the basis of good decision making is having effective and accurate information available and using it accordingly. Almost any information required in or contributing to marketing decision making and the methods used to acquire that information, can be considered to be market research but, as a distinct and specialized activity, it is the provision of information about the market that is usually the central concern. People and organisations regularly need to understand the markets that they find themselves in, including the needs of consumers that make up these markets. This understanding can be intuitive and based on common sense, where many successful decisions have been and continue to be based on no more than instinct. However, in competitive markets where implementing a decision may require major financial resources and where the costs of failure are high, there is a need for decision making based on more rigorous and reliable data. Additionally, many features of modern markets and marketing such as consumer diversity, internationalization and the ever accelerating pace of change, increase uncertainty and make the informal and intuitive approaches to understanding less secure. The more formal techniques of market research, which have been developed and matured over the last few decades, generally offer a basis for increased confidence in decision making and so reduce some of the risks that always will be present in markets. The primary purpose for market research is risk aversion, to understand what the market wants, and not just what a few customers want and reduce the risk of developing the wrong product. THE MEANING OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Product development is the phase in which the organisationdetermines if it is technically feasible to produce the product and if it canbe produced at costs low enough to make the final price reasonable. To testits acceptability, the idea or concept is converted into a prototype, orworking model. Concept cars for example are used in the development of newvehicles. The prototype should reveal tangible and intangible attributesassociated with the product in consumers minds. The products design, mechanicalfeatures and intangible aspects must be linked to wants in the marketplace.This includes the service aspects of the product, which are a vital componentof many products. Failure to determine how consumers feel about the productand how they would use it may lead to the products failure. For example, the Sinclair C5 electric buggy car, was developed as a serious on-road, single seater car for city or country use. However, drivers felt unsafe in a small buggy, and campus students ended up using the remaining stocks on-pavement runabouts. The development phase of a new product is frequently lengthyand expensive; thus a relatively small number of product ideas are put intodevelopment. If the product appears sufficiently successful during this phaseto merit testing, then during the latter part of the development phasemarketers begin to make decisions regarding branding, packaging, labelling,pricing and promotion for use in the test marketing phase. With this in mind we can now move on to talk about theeffectiveness of the use of primary and secondary research in productdevelopment. COLLECTING DATA There are two types of data collection methods, they areprimary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary Data Collection: this type of datacollection are usually observed and recorded or collected directly fromrespondents. This type of data must be gathered by observing phenomena orsurveying respondents. Primary data collection can be deemed as bespoke andtherefore time consuming and costly. This process is more lengthy and complex, it is typicallymore costly, involving experimentation, sampling, survey methods, andquestionnaire construction. The acquisition of primary data often requires anexperimental approach to determine which variable or variables caused an eventto occur. Experimentation: this involves keeping certainvariables constant so that the effects of the experimental variables can bemeasured. For example, when Apple tests a change in its AppleWorks wordprocessing computer program, all sales and marketing variables should be heldconstant except the change in the program. Sampling: by systematically choosing a limited numberof units, or sample, to represent the characteristics of a total population,marketers can project the reactions of a total market or market segment. Theobjective of sampling in product development, therefore, is to selectrepresentative units from total population. Sampling procedures are used instudying the likelihood of events based on assumptions about the future. Survey Methods: This includes interviews by mail,e-mail, or telephone and personal interviews. Selection of a survey methoddepends on the nature of the problem, the data needed to test the hypothesisand the resources, such as funding and personnel that are available to theresearcher. Questionnaire Construction: A careful constructedquestionnaire is essential to the success of any survey. A questionnaire is abase document for research purposes that provides the questions and thestructure for an interview or self-completion and has provision forrespondents answers. Questions must be designed to elicit information thatmeets the studys data requirements. Observation Methods: This method enables a researcherto record respondents overt behaviour, taking note of physical conditions andevents. Direct contact with respondents is avoided; instead, their actions areexamined and noted systematically. Observation is straightforward and avoids acentral problem of survey methods: motivating respondents to state their truefeelings or opinions. Secondary Collection Data: These types of dataare normally compiled inside or outside the organisation for some purpose otherthan the current investigation. Secondary data include general reportssupplied to an enterprise by various data services. Such reports might concernmarket share, retail inventory levels and consumer buying behaviour. Commonly,secondary data is already available in private or public reports or have beencollected and stored by the organisation itself. Because secondary data arealready available, which does save valuable time and money, they should beexamined prior to the collection of any primary data. Marketers often begin themarketing research for product development by gathering secondary information.They may use available reports and other information from both internal andexternal sources to identify a marketing problem. Internal sources of secondary data can contribute to productdevelopment. For example, an organisations marketing databank may containinformation about past marketing activities, such as sales records and researchreports that can be used to test hypothesis and pinpoint problems.Organisations accounting records are also an excellent source of data, butstrangely enough tend to be overlooked. The large volume of data that anaccounting department collects does not automatically flow to the productdevelopment area. Secondary data can also be retrieved from periodicals, censusreports, government publications, the World Wide Web and unpublished sources.Periodicals such as Investors chronicles, Marketing, The Economist, Campaign,Marketing Week, Wall Street Journal, and Fortune, print general informationthat is helpful for defining problems and developing hypothesis. Other external sources of secondary data are Trade journals,trade associations, international sources, commercial sources, governments,books in print, periodical indices and computerized literature retrievaldatabases. TYPES OF MARKET RESEARCH METHODS Broadly speaking there are two types of marketing researchmethods, they are qualitative and quantitative methods. The names describe thebasic difference in the results. Quantitative methods use samples large enoughthat there is statistical confidence in the results. Qualitative methods usevery small samples with no statistical significance. A complete research planincludes both categories of research. The mix depends on the stage ofdevelopment, the research objectives available funds, and other variables. Often, qualitative such as a focus group can be used to better identify what the issues are to do with a new product. Quantitative research is then employed to determine how prevalent the issue or need is. Qualitative research is the term applied to research that is considered exploratory or conceptual. Qualitative research will provide context,insights, and ideas for more research. The idea for the use of this type of research method is to get the participants to talk about their experiences,give opinions about situations, and to react to scenarios or prototypes. The basic characteristics of qualitative research are, broad objectives; small samples, results tend not to be generalizable or target population; and it is best used early in order to identify issues and again later in the process to validate. The following methods under qualitative methods are the most commonly used. They are: review of secondary information, focus groups and related techniques (brainstorming sessions), and observations/ ethnographic studies (insetting where the product is actually used. Quantitative research is the term applied to researchthat is considered conclusive. A researcher might use quantitative research totest hypothesis, describe the market or target population characteristics, andcheck relationships among variable. The results lead to formal conclusions andrecommendations to inform decision-making. The idea is to get enough responsethat the research will feel confident that the results reflect the market. The basic characteristics of quantitative research are:defined objectives that include hypothesis, focused research design identifieswho, how, what, why and when, large enough sample to allow for generalization(projection of results), and heart of the research. The most common quantitative research methods are: Surveys,which could be mail, telephone, online; usability studies; field testing;laboratory testing and conjoint analysis. Quantitative research is alsoconcerned with measuring aspects of a market or the population of consumersmaking up the market. This includes soft phenomena such as consumer attitudesas well as the hard things such as market size, brand shares, purchase frequenciesetc. Quantitative research and sampling: Quantitative data on a market or consumer group can be obtained through carrying out a census on the general populace, so as to obtain the relevant measures from every single consumer or (in the case of business-to-business research) player in the market. In practice market research through a census is very rare; for one thing it is usually prohibitively expensive to obtain data from every individual (the government only carries out a population census once every 10 years) and even when the money is made available the timescales involved are likely to be too long to meet commercial deadlines. Quantitative market research is, therefore, nearly always based on more or less rigorous sampling methods which have in common the assumption that the data from samples can betaken to represent, within estimated levels of accuracy, the population or universe from which they are retrieved from. Types of Quantitative Data: The range of information which can be and is collected through quantitative research is enormous if not infinite. In relation to deciding how data should be collected, all possibilities can be slotted into a simple threefold classification. They are: market measure; customer profiles or segmentation; and attitudinal data. Market measures quantify and describe a market. Common examples include: market and sector size; shares of the market held by suppliers or brands; penetration levels (what proportion of all potential consumers own or buy a product); purchase and consumption frequencies; patterns of consumption and seasonality. A vital concern in any marketing is knowing and understanding the potential customer base, what type or organisations are they? What other types of products or services do they own or use? What is required to meet this need is customer profiling or segmentation data and it is quantitative in nature because reliable breakdowns are needed for the whole market or population Additionally attitudinal data is also used in a quite general sense to cover concepts such as awareness, perceptions, beliefs, evaluations,preferences, and propensities. In other words they are, in their various forms, subjective and reside in the minds of individuals (attitudinal data is collected in business-to-business research but in the end it is still attitudes of individuals within organisations or companies, as such, do not have attitudes). Much of market research is concerned with attitudes and attitude measurement because attitudes are assumed to influence if not determine behaviour; understand consumer attitudes and the marketing may mould consumer choice in the products favour. Level of Measurement: Depending on the stage of product development, research measurement can be used to focus on particular market levels and use techniques appropriate for find out the possible level of satisfaction that will be gained from using the product. For example,manufacturers passing on sales figures, in confidence, to a third party (e.g.trade association) which collates them. Retail sales and brand shares are likely to be collected most accurately at the retail level through a retail audit. Patterns of consumption and profiles of consumers, however, will require data collection at the final level through some type of interviewing programme. The market level from which data is required, therefore, has an important bearing on the research methodology. The size of a market, for example, can be estimated by grossing up the consumption levels among a sample to the total population within the market. With adjustments (e.g. for imported products, shrinkage through the retail chain, etc) estimates also can be made of manufacturers and distributors / retail sales. However, in making such estimates various uncertain assumptions nearly always have to be made and this affects the reliability of the final data. Frequency of Measurement: Market research data is often required at only a single point in time; the current market, the shares held now by each brand, the profile of current consumers etc. In such cases the research methodology is commonly designed as a one-off and the project(i.e. product development). It is also possible that at some future date it may be decided be the organisation to collect the same sort of data again and a similar research design maybe used but at the time the first project is considered this not to be of significant importance at the time. In terms of research expenditure, most market research budgets are taken up buying repeat measures through continuous research. Continuous data allows important measures to be tracked overtime; movements in brand shares for example show progress (or decline) against competitors and changes in the trend provide an early warning to take action. Discrete trends also can be interrelated to other measures taken in the continuous research programme (e.g. media exposure) or independent variables such as economic indicators and all the data ca be integrated into a model which allows for predictions to be made or enables what if questions to be answered. Continuous data can be collected from matched samples (each made up of different respondents) and in some applications this is the preferred approach. Due to the high costs associated with conducting continuous research, much of the wok tends to be syndicated with costs shared among a number of subscribers. The nature of the respondent: The location of potential respondents may for example, influence any decision to use phone or visit interviewing. Other considerations may favour face-to-face methods but if the selected sample of say 50 potential buyers of a product is spread allover Western Europe, phone interviewing maybe ruled out if an important part of the sample is seldom found there; e.g. older people. Respondents personal attributes may also influence the research design. Self completion surveys are not appropriate among an illiterate or semi-literate respondent group or where interest in the subject of the research is likely to be low. Similarly, the wording of questions may need to reflect respondents language skills and familiarity with terminology: computer jargon may have a place in a survey of IT workers but not among the general population. Where as is common, the sample is mixed in these respects, the design must actually work lowest common denominator assumptions. Access to communications and the status of respondents are also relevant to an appropriate design. While most business-to-business respondents can be contacted by phone, this will be less the case where shop floor attitudes need to be established or where workers are very mobile. In such cases respondents may need to be recruited away from their place of work. THEDIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT The roots of the words qualitative and quantitative imply that one is based on quality and the other on quantity. There is some truth in this. Qualitative research is centrally concerned with the understanding rather than the measurement of things. The trouble is the lack of measurement means that it is never possible to be absolutely sure that the findings are correct. It is his inability to validate qualitative research that causes some consternation in relation to its use in product development. For example, the government recently commissioned little qualitative research as it is worried that the findings would not stand up to public scrutiny. More recently, though, since the 1997 General Election, interest by government in focus groups and similar had become a news item. The focus on quality and small numbers of respondents allows the research consultants to collect much of the data themselves in contrast to qualitative surveys where the numbers of interviews are too great for any single person to make more than a dent. One of the strengths of qualitative research is that it deeply involves experienced and skilled practitioners in the subject who can lift data and turn it into creative research findings. Here too there are problems as well as advantages. Much of the information gathered through qualitative research depends on the skills of the practitioner. Small numbers of respondents and just one or two people carrying out the interviewing allows more open-ended questions than in quantitative surveys. Open-ended questioning is the fabric of qualitative researchers. There is no hard and fast rule as to the break in sample size between qualitative and quantitative research. Most researchers would agree that 30 or fewer respondents would certainly constitute qualitative work.Others would argue that any sample much below 200 interviews is verging on the qualitative method because such low numbers produce findings with extremely large bands of error. According to Goodyear (1990), qualitative and quantitative research differs in four important ways, they are: in the type of problem that each can solve; the methods of sampling; the methods of sampling; the methods and style of collecting information; and the approach to and techniques of analysis. THE RESEARCH CYCLE The research cycle is different depending on what stage of product development the research is done for. A typical research cycle would include most or all of the steps mentioned below. These steps should be regarded as categorised as a combination both primary and secondary research.They are: Secondary Literature Search: An astonishing amount of information exists here, or is being collected about consumer needs, wants their behaviour, about markets, prices, opportunities, etc. A list of questions and assumptions is required at this stage to identify what customers would see in the product. One could use the internet to locate studies that relate to it. This is an inexpensive way to prepare for the other research steps. At this point the primary concern for the researcher are,opportunities, and potential of the product, and identifying information to help in formulating plans. Exploratory Focus Groups: These groups enable the researcher to hear about peoples needs, wishes, current products (especially the strengths and weaknesses), how they compensate for what they dont have, attitudes about the markets, etc. At this point the researcher is still thinking about opportunities, potential, etc, and looking for information to formulate plans. Ethnographic Study: One may want to observe people using related products and services in real time. This helps clarify what is gathered in research studies and heard in focus groups. At this point the latter of opportunities still holds. Large Scale Survey: The survey allows one to collect quantifiable information about assumptions, questions raised by the focus groups, planning, and general market conditions of the product from the general populace. At this point the researcher would already have concrete assumptions about potential customers, their needs, and the market in general. In this situation one is looking to verify those assumptions and ideas, with statistical confidence. Additionally one may want to conduct surveys throughout the development process to clarify issues, help you make choices etc. Usability Testing and Laboratory Testing: the test here helps one to refine various features of the product as it is being developed. Are the buttons in the right place, etc? At this point a prototype is being built, according to the information already gathered through primary and secondary sources using qualitative and quantitative methods of research.As the major components of the new product are being put together, its best to test their functionality with real customers. Prototype Focus Groups: These groups test the researchers execution of plans gathered previously. For example, do the features of the prototype meet their needs of the market? At this point specific information with regard to feedback about the look, feel, feasibility,etc of the prototype is gathered. (The researcher should expect at least two or three rounds of groups to refine the new product). Field Test: This enables the new product to betested. Users put the prototype through its paces. One might want to makesure that the product is tested in a variety of settings to make sure theproduct goes through the range of possible experiences. At this point the producthas been designed and built. Now is to see how good the product is with regardto its market category, in which substantial evaluation has already beencarried out. SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION This paper has looked at the meaning of product development, thetwo types of data collection methods namely, primary data collection andsecondary data collection methods. Under primary data collection itidentifies, the type of primary data collection, namely, experimentation,sampling, survey methods, questionnaire construction and observation methods.Under secondary data, we have identified the use of periodicals, census report,government publication, trade journals and the World Wide Web as being the mostused method under this type of data collection. We have also described thetypes of market research methods, namely, qualitative and quantitative researchmethods Under quantitative research we have looked at sampling, the types of quantitative data used, level of measurement, frequency of measurement, and nature of respondent or potential customers for the new product. Additionally, we have also identified a few differences in the use of research methods for product development such as the measurement of the concluded findings for a research etc. Finally, we looked at the research cycle with regard to what point of the cycle a new product would be evaluated and tested in real markets. The research cycle tells us about the use of secondary literature search, exploratory focus groups, ethnographic study, large scale survey, usability testing and laboratory testing, prototype focus groups, and field testing in product development. It is worthwhile to conclude here that although secondaryresearch, which is based on already existing data or information; i.e. datafrom primary research is one that is collected directly from the source, whilesecondary research builds on primary research already gathered, one should notethat information gathered for secondary research might not be as accurate asone might expect. The reason for this is that, a secondary data collectionresearcher might not have been part of the primary research team, and thereforethe outcome of the results of secondary research to do with quantitativeanalysis might prove to be inaccurate in its use for product development. Further work is required to develop this approach to see if the potential benefits can actually be realised in practice. Additionally, there should be a greater consideration of the issues involved in secondary analysis of single, multiple, and mixed data sets. Finally, some more specific guidelines are needed for researchers about the ethical issues to be considered when undertaking qualitative work that maybe re-used in the future such as being biased and not taking on board important issues that would affect the outcome of the product in the final stages of development. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Achenbaum,A.A., (1993), The future challenge to market research, MarketingResearch: A magazine of Management and Applications, 5(2), pp. 12-18 Albaum,G., (1987), Do source and anonymity affect mail survey results?Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 15(3), pp 74-81 Baker,M.J., (1993), Look before you leap, Research for Marketing,Macmillan, London, Chapter 1, pp. 1-40 Bhaduri,M., De Souza, M., Sweeney, T., (1993), International qualitativeresearch: A critical review of different approaches, Marketing andResearch Today, 2(3), pp. 171-178. Brown,M., (1994), What price response?, The Journal of the MarketResearch Society, 36, pp. 227-244. 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Sweeney,J.C., (1997), Collecting information from groups, a comparison ofmethods, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 39(2), pp. 397-411. Swires-Hennessy,E., and Drake, M., (1992), The optimum time at which to conduct surveyinterviews, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 34(1), pp. 61-78. www.mori.co.uk www.forrester.co.uk